Egypt constitution approved by voters, parties say - World News

Nasser Nasser / AP

An Egyptian election worker shows his colleagues an invalid ballot.

By NBC News staff and wire reports

CAIRO - A constitution drafted by an Islamist-dominated assembly was approved by a majority of Egyptians in a referendum, rival camps said on Sunday.

The Muslim Brotherhood, which propelled President Mohamed Mursi to power in a June election, said 64 percent of voters backed the charter after two rounds of voting that ended with a final ballot on Saturday. It cited an unofficial tally.

An opposition official also told Reuters their unofficial count showed the result was a "yes" vote.

Official results are not expected until Monday. If the outcome is confirmed, a parliamentary election will follow in about two months.

Mursi's Islamist backers say the constitution is vital for the transition to democracy, nearly two years after the overthrow of autocrat Hosni Mubarak in an uprising. It will provide stability needed to help a fragile economy, they say.

But the opposition accuses Mursi of pushing through a text that favors Islamists and ignores the rights of Christians, who make up about 10 percent of the population, as well as women. They say it is a recipe for further unrest.

"According to our calculations, the final result of the second round is 71 percent voting 'yes' and the overall result (of the two rounds) is 63.8 percent," a Brotherhood official, who was in an operations room monitoring the vote, told Reuters.

His figures were confirmed by a statement issued shortly afterwards by the group and broadcast on its television channel.

Regional news channel Al Jazeera also reported that early indications suggest the draft constitution will be approved.

"It appears at the moment that in the region of 68 per cent of voters have approved the draft constitution, some 32 percent have voted against," said reporter Mike Hanna in Cairo.

The Brotherhood and its party, as well as members of the opposition, had representatives monitoring polling stations and the vote count across the country.

The opposition said voting in both rounds was marred by abuses and had called for a re-run after the first stage. However, an official said the overall vote favored the charter.

"They (Islamists) are ruling the country, running the vote and influencing the people, so what else could we expect," the senior official from the main opposition coalition, the National Salvation Front, told Reuters.

Opponents of Egypt President Morsi say he's betraying the revolution, but his supporters say he wants to guarantee human rights with a controversial referendum on a new constitution. NBC's John Ray went onto the streets of Cairo to hear from both sides of the deepening divide.

The vote was split over two days as many judges had refused to supervise the ballot.

"I'm voting 'no' because Egypt can't be ruled by one faction," said Karim Nahas, 35, a stockbroker, heading to a polling station in Giza, in greater Cairo, in the last round.

At another polling station, some voters said they were more interested in ending Egypt's long period of political instability than in the Islamist aspects of the charter.

Related content:
At polling stations, strong sentiments for and against?
Analysis: Egypt is rapidly approaching its own 'cliff'
Christians, liberals left out as Islamists back Egypt's draft constitution

"We have to extend our hands to Mursi to help fix the country," said Hisham Kamal, an accountant.

The build-up to the vote witnessed deadly protests, sparked by Mursi's decision to award himself extra powers in a decree on November 22 and then to fast-track the constitution to a vote.

Hours before polls closed, Vice President Mahmoud Mekky announced his resignation. He said he wanted to quit last month but stayed on to help Mursi tackle the crisis that blew up when the Islamist leader assumed wide powers.

Mekky, a prominent judge who said he was uncomfortable in politics, disclosed earlier he had not been informed of Mursi's power grab. The timing of his resignation appeared linked to the lack of a vice-presidential post under the draft constitution.

The new basic law sets a limit of two four-year presidential terms. It says the principles of Islamist sharia law remain the main source of legislation but adds an article to explain this. It also says Islamic authorities will be consulted on sharia - a source of concern to Christians and others.

In the first round of voting last week, the district covering most of Cairo voted "no," which opponents said showed the depth of division.

"I see more unrest," said Ahmed Said, head of the liberal Free Egyptians Party and a member of the National Salvation Front, an opposition coalition formed after Mursi expanded his powers on November 22 and then pushed the constitution to a vote.

At least eight people were killed in protests outside the presidential palace in Cairo this month. Islamists and rivals clashed in Alexandria, the second-biggest city, on the eves of both voting days.

Reuters contributed to this report

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Source: http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/12/23/16100892-egypt-constitution-approved-by-voters-parties-say

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Hepatitis C tests continue after NH tech's arrest

FILE - In this Saturday, Aug. 11, 2012 file photo, employees of the New Hampshire state health department set up a temporary clinic at the the middle school in Stratham, N.H., to test hundreds of people for hepatitis C related to an outbreak at nearby Exeter Hospital. Five months after a traveling hospital worker?s arrest in New Hampshire, a dozen former patients in other states have tested positive for the same strain of hepatitis C he?s accused of spreading. But thousands more have yet to be tested for the liver-destroying disease. (AP Photo/Jim Cole, File)

FILE - In this Saturday, Aug. 11, 2012 file photo, employees of the New Hampshire state health department set up a temporary clinic at the the middle school in Stratham, N.H., to test hundreds of people for hepatitis C related to an outbreak at nearby Exeter Hospital. Five months after a traveling hospital worker?s arrest in New Hampshire, a dozen former patients in other states have tested positive for the same strain of hepatitis C he?s accused of spreading. But thousands more have yet to be tested for the liver-destroying disease. (AP Photo/Jim Cole, File)

FILE - This undated file photo provided by the U.S. Attorney's Office in New Hampshire shows David Kwiatkowski, a former lab technician at Exeter, N.H., Hospital. Kwiatkowski is accused of stealing drugs and infecting patients with hepatitis C through contaminated syringes. Five months after Kwiatkowski's arrest in New Hampshire, a dozen former patients in other states have tested positive for the same strain of hepatitis C he?s accused of spreading. But thousands more have yet to be tested for the liver-destroying disease. (AP Photo/U.S. Attorney's Office, File)

CONCORD, N.H. (AP) ? Hospitals across the country recommended hepatitis C testing for about 7,900 patients last summer after a traveling medical worker was accused of stealing drugs and infecting patients with tainted syringes in New Hampshire. But five months later, nearly half of those who were possibly exposed to the liver-destroying disease in other states have yet to be tested.

Described by prosecutors as a "serial infector," David Kwiatkowski is accused of stealing syringes of the powerful painkiller fentanyl from the cardiac catheterization lab at New Hampshire's Exeter Hospital and replacing them with saline-filled syringes tainted with his own blood. In jail since his arrest in July, he pleaded not guilty to 14 federal drug charges earlier this month and is expected to go to trial next fall.

Before April 2001, when he was hired in New Hampshire, Kwiatkowski worked as a traveling cardiac technologist in 18 hospitals in seven states, moving from job to job ? despite being fired twice over allegations of drug use and theft.

Thirty-two people in New Hampshire have been diagnosed with the same strain of hepatitis C that Kwiatkowski carries, along with six in Kansas, five in Maryland and one in Pennsylvania. At least 3,700 people outside New Hampshire have yet to be tested, hospitals and public health officials told The Associated Press.

For example, in Michigan, where Kwiatkowski grew up and started his career, about 2,300 patients at five hospitals were notified that they may have been exposed to hepatitis C by Kwiatkowski. As of early December, only about 500 had gone in for testing, none of whom were diagnosed with a strain linked to the New Hampshire outbreak, according to the Michigan Department of Community Health.

In Pennsylvania, 2,280 patients at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Presbyterian were notified that they should get tested, but only 840 have, one of whom was diagnosed with a matching strain of hepatitis C.

Kwiatkowski was fired a few weeks into his temporary job at UPMC in 2008 after a co-worker accused him of swiping a fentanyl syringe from an operating room and sticking it down his pants. Citing a lack of evidence, hospital authorities didn't call police, and neither the hospital nor the medical staffing agency that placed him in the job informed the national accreditation organization for radiological technicians. Within days, Kwiatkowski was starting a new job at the Baltimore VA Medical Center, where one patient also has since been diagnosed with hepatitis C linked to Kwiatkowski.

Though the VA center initially said it had identified 168 patients who may have been exposed, that number was later lowered, and 68 patients ultimately were tested. Two other Maryland hospitals where Kwiatkowski worked also have completed their testing, with no diagnosed cases of hepatitis C matching Kwiatkowski. But at the fourth, The Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, four patients have been diagnosed with the strain of disease linked to Kwiatkowski.

About 500 of the 1,567 patients notified by Johns Hopkins have yet to be tested, according to hospital spokeswoman Kim Hoppe. Kwiatkowski had been referred by a staffing agency that assured Johns Hopkins that it had followed a vigorous vetting process, Hoppe said. He worked there for two 13-week stints, from July 2009 to January 2010.

Saint Francis Hospital in Poughkeepsie, N.Y., where Kwiatkowski worked in late 2007 and early 2008, notified and tested 31 patients without finding any linked cases to Kwiatkowski. In Kansas, nearly all of the 416 patients who may have been exposed at Hays Medical Center have been tested and six have been diagnosed with infections linked to the New Hampshire outbreak.

There have been no cases linked to Kwiatkowski in Arizona, where about 300 patients from two hospitals have been asked to get tested and about 280 have done so. Kwiatkowski worked at Maryvale Hospital in Phoenix in 2009 and the Arizona Heart Hospital in 2010. He was fired from the latter job after 10 days after a co-worker found him passed out in a bathroom stall with a stolen fentanyl syringe floating in the toilet.

That incident was reported to police, Kwiatkowski's staffing agency, a state regulatory board and the national accreditation organization, but the accreditation group dropped its inquiry after learning police hadn't filed charges.

Days later, Kwiatkowski landed a new job filling in for striking technicians at Temple University Hospital in Philadelphia. That hospital has recommended testing for 312 patients but won't say how many have followed through or have been diagnosed with hepatitis C. A hospital spokesman referred questions to the city health department, which did not return calls.

Testing also is still under way in the last place Kwiatkowski worked before heading to New Hampshire ? Houston Medical Center in Warner Robins, Ga. According to the hospital, fewer than 100 people have yet to be tested, and there haven't been any cases yet linked to Kwiatkowski.

In New Hampshire, where about 3,300 patients were tested, Kwiatkowski is charged with seven counts of illegally obtaining drugs and seven counts of tampering with a consumer product, though prosecutors have said further charges are possible. Although New Hampshire cannot charge him for possible violations in other states, it can use evidence gathered in those jurisdictions in its trial, U.S. Attorney John Kacavas said. Other states are waiting to see the outcome of New Hampshire's case before deciding whether to file charges, he said.

"We continue to reach out to other states affected by this matter," Kacavas said this week. "Other health organizations and departments continue to do their work in their states, but nothing has changed in the sense that our prosecution will go forward. At this point, we are the only prosecution in the country, and we'll see how it rolls out."

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/386c25518f464186bf7a2ac026580ce7/Article_2012-12-22-Hepatitis%20C%20Outbreak/id-61f575ee22f24cf7bf0025ebcdc046fe

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Fossil of long-extinct whale found on seafloor

Researchers diving off the coast of Georgia may have found the remains of an Atlantic gray whale, a relic of a population that was hunted to extinction by the 18th century.

But this particular specimen died long before whalers became a threat. Carbon dating showed that the fossil, a left jawbone, is about 36,000 years old.

The big bone was first discovered along with two badly eroded vertebrae near Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary about 20 miles (32 kilometers) off southeast Georgia in 2008. It took the researchers two years to pull out all of the pieces of the fossil, which was embedded in layers of shell and sand 70 feet (21 meters) below the surface. The jawbone was recovered in sections and measures 5 feet (1.5 m) in length.

The researchers say the bone is clearly from a baleen whale ? or whales that use baleen plates in their mouths to filter meals of tiny organisms out of seawater ? and looks very similar to that of the gray whale, Eschrichtius robustus. This species is only locally extinct. Gray whales can be found today in quite strong numbers, but only in the Pacific Ocean, and even these had once teetered on the brink of extinction during eras when the whaling industry reigned.

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      Science editor Alan Boyle's blog: President Barack Obama names 12 researchers and 11 inventors to receive the National Medal of Science, and the National Medal of Technology and Innovation.

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Scientists previously believed that the Atlantic gray whale had been a distinct species. But recent research has shown these vanished whales and the living ones in the Pacific are actually one in the same.

"The California grays looked exactly like the bones that were dug up in Scandinavia back in the 19th century," Ervan Garrison, a geoarchaeology professor at the University of Georgia, said in a statement, describing it as "one of the first instances where a living species was named based on the fossil evidence."

The new specimen's age of approximately 36,570 years old makes it one of the oldest fossil finds in the western Atlantic basin, the researchers say. And if the find indeed represents a Pleistocene-age gray whale, its oldest counterpart is a specimen found on the southern North Sea dating to 42,800 years ago.

The research was detailed online last month in the journal Paleontologica Electronica.

Follow LiveScience on Twitter @livescience. We're also on Facebook & Google+.

? 2012 LiveScience.com. All rights reserved.

Source: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/50284201/ns/technology_and_science-science/

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Last Minute Tips to Save on Your Income Taxes : Ideas for Women ...

I know that most people are about the business of the holiday season right now on this last day before a long holiday weekend or vacation for many. But before the last days of the year slip away, it is wise to think about what else that you can do to save on your taxes.

First stop should be this article from Vocalpoint entitled There?s Still (Tax Write-off) Time: Get in a few last minute tax write-offs. This article features some simple ways to save the most on your taxes, especially regarding things that you will be doing anyways, like donating to charity and paying your mortgage. By doing these things now, it will reflect for this year, and you will reap the rewards sooner rather than later.

Other things that I recommend that you do now rather than later for maximum tax benefit:

• Make any additional payments that you plan to on your student loans in order to have it show up on your 1098 and you can get the tax break on the interest.
• Get any payments or money due you now, especially if you are self-employed or do freelance/consultant work, to take advantage of this year?s income tax rates. We do not know what next year will bring, but it may be significantly higher taxes.
• Use up all that you can of the money in your Flexible Spending Account. If your plan year ends on 12/31/2012, you will lose any remaining funds, so it is now or never.
• If you have bills that you pay or supplies that you have to buy that are used for business and get written off at the end of the year, shell out the cash for them now so they can count for 2012.
• Start gathering your records and make sure that they are updated now rather than later. You will thank yourself come tax time and it could cause to gain a greater tax benefit.

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For more tips on what to do now to benefit your financial situation when tax filing time arrives, you can check out this article by LearnVest entitled 11 Great End-of-Year Tax Gifts You Should Give Yourself. Also don?t forget this previous post from last month What You Should Be Thinking About Right Now in Early November that is along the same lines.

What are you doing now to maximize your tax break benefits? Do you tend to think ahead about doing this? Why or why not? Please comment below and share your experience with us.

What do you think? Click here to leave a comment: Comments (0)

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Cellular Mobile System Capacity influenced by Handoff protection ...

Today, there ?is a large number of mobile user groups and In that, the need of? service of mobile user group? plays a great dispute on the utilization of bandwidth. The radio frequency spectrum is an inadequate resource, to improve service quality and system capacity radio spectrum should be carefully planned. Research is carried out to improve system capacity and service quality. Admission capability is highlighted by the system capacity and the service quality relates to the connection continuity. This proposal reveals the impact of protection, which is used to improve? the strength of the ?capacity of cellular mobile systems. Traffic model is established by using the mobility characteristics of the real world. The relation between admission capability and channel reservation is given by the markov?s approach. The proposed dynamic reservation scheme is proposed to provide handoff coordination between the service quality and system capacity.

The evolution of cellular mobile systems began with the first generation (1G) cellular systems introduction, and pass on through second generation (2G) and continuing third generation (3G ), featuring the development into the fourth generation (4G) systems. This generation systems are divided based upon the coding, modulation, and multiple access techniques which are used.

First public mobile telephone system (MTS) began operation in 25 American cities. In this system contains an efficient transmitter on tall building with in the city and the? permanent single channel is assigned to mobile cellular phone? for sending and receiving data through the concept of push-to-talk. Late 1960s, improved MTS(IMTS) implemented and dual channels for sending and receiving the data. In the starting of? cellular mobile systems there very few number of users. In New York, 12 calls only simultaneously supported over 1000 square mile area.

In 1968, Bell laboratories demonstrated the concept of? cellular system. In the cellular concept contains 2-way communication. This type of communication used hexagonal , N-cell frequency reuse pattern by using the intracellular mobile stations (MS), which are controlled by a base station (BS). The factors which improve the capacity of cellular system are handoff, frequency reuse and sectorization . By decreasing the power of BS in the cell, in another BS the particular frequency can be reused which is remotely far away. Handoff between stations intensively increases the flexibility provided to the customer. This in turn improves the capacity and user access area is also expanded.

signal processing technology? and very large scale integration (VLSI) were? developed in 1980s, which paved the route for the digital era. In this generation digital signal processor are used for the 2G cellular. ASICs are used, which reduced the size of mobile phones and new signal processing? features. Second generation systems are of digital nature, which offered? elementary data services and improved voice quality compared to that of previous generation. 2G systems were designed for the improvement of communication. In 1G radio signals are analog where as in 2G systems radio signals are digital.

2G systems are mainly developed into the CDMA and TDMA systems based on the type of multiplexing is used. in less popular areas digital signals are not reaching the tower. In digital signal call completely fails to connect when the signal strength is less, where as in analog systems it used to gradually drop.

3G is the generation of mobile phones and telecommunications. In 3G different countries used different types of radio interfaces. Mainly used radio interface is W-CDMA, FDMA is also used in this generation. 3G has various application such as mobile tv, video demand, video conferencing etc. In this generation the users increased enormously, the demand for channels also increased. The main impact on the system capacity and quality of service provided by the service provider. Researches where conducted to increase the system capacity and to decrease the call failing during the handoff.

The main issue of the mobile system is the design. Radio spectrum is limited, which must be shared by several users. Each is cell is allocated with the portion of the total frequency of the spectrum. Users in the particular cell can use the channel allocated to that cell. Different cells can use the same channel separated by the minimum distance between the cells because to reduce the co-channel interference. There are three types of channel allocation techniques, they are fixed channel allocation, dynamic channel allocation, hybrid channel allocation.

1. BACKGROUNDS:

In cellular systems, the number of mobile systems under a base station is random and time varying. The users of mobile systems move between cells, so there will be variations in the number of users under the particular base station. So there are lots of variations which causes the traffic and handoff of mobile systems. In the third generation mobile communication systems there is lot of research work is carrying. The objective of the research is to offer personalized and integrated services for the mobile users with the service quality than that of fixed users. In the third generation there is lot of demand for the personal communication, there is explosive growth of the user community because its available for affordable price. Increase in the? mobile customers and the? need? of? diversity? will be a great challenge to utilize the bandwidth. The radio spectrum is limited it should be carefully planned for the usage.

The research work on radio channel allocation mainly focuses on the admission capability and connection continuity. It gives out the compressed channel exploitation , which in turn maximizes the number of channels. If there is any special variation in requirement of the service, full admission capacity can?t? be achieved by fixed channel allocation [1]. We are considering the dynamic channel allocation (DCA)[2]due to this service request imbalance. In DCA, channels are allocated according to the service requests distribution and load sharing also improve the? user admission capacity.

1.1 PROBLEM DESCRIPTION:

The initial connection requests to start new calls are considered to improve the user accommodation capability. Accommodation capacity is based upon the admission capability of new user. Since the user moves around, its needed to establish the connection many number of times with in a single call duration. The user accommodation capacity also depends upon the connection continuity. Impulsive call break takes place when a cellular mobile user transfers from its serving cell into a new one [8], but it is not sure that channel is assigned in the different cell to remain in connection. Protecting the connection continuity is studied extensively. The basic techniques which are used to establish connection continuity for mobile users include guard channel[3], predictive channel reservation and handoff queuing. The other techniques of? handoff? protection are subrating, channel sharing and channel carrying [4].

Handoff protection strategy acquire pessimistic effect on the new user admission. The intake of new users in to the system are reduced by the priority based handoff protection schemes? such as guard channel, handoff queuing, and predictive channel reservation. particular portion of the available channels are confined to only the new users by the Guard channel , so guard channel elimination on the new user admission is apparent. Smaller impact on the new user admission is the advantage of handoff queuing over the guard channel. Assume, both handoff queuing and guard channel techniques contains the equal number of? nominal channels, the over lapping cell structure infatuated by handoff queuing, which? leads to the higher? channel density than guard channel. So the minimum impact of the channel queuing can be attributed to the increase number of nominal channels. To differentiate? these? techniques, let us observe the case? which is? similar channel set is deployed to envelop the same service area with implementation of? the two strategies respectively. The cell Overlapping layout demands a huge amount of the reuse factor in order to continue the co-channel interference distance, compared to that of guard channel strategy? only fewer nominal channels per cell present in the handoff queuing strategy, since the other technique does not need? the cell overlapping structure. Both the number of guard channels and non-guard channels may be equal. Equal level of handoff protection can be achieved by substituting guarded channels for handoff queuing. Due to exchange problems in handoff queuing , new call admission capability and handoff protection cont be realized. though reservation channels are not properly used, new users are blocked by the predictive channel reservation.

New user admission capability consists of some? disadvantages because of handoff protection. In order to over come these constrains researches investigated chances for better providing handoff protection. In [5] Oh and Tcha introduced the division of nominal channels to protect and unprotect channel sets in order to minimize the handoff failure. Therefore a predefined grade of service satisfies the expected results for the? above proposed division of nominal channels. The functioning of handoff protection and new user admission is affected due to adding or removing the guard channels. If the handoff requests are less then the new users access guard channel because of dynamic channel allocation[7].

2. Current status and development of research:

2.1 Literature survey:

If? an user being engaged in a call connection, then he said to be active. The? number of? factors influence the active time that include walking or driving, speed, impediment and delay at street intersections, traffic density around, shopping intensions and so on. For this dwelling time? negative exponential function is good approximation to the probability distribution? through the assumption of various factors. when an active mobile user ?found to be approaching cell boundary, then the ?Channel reservation for handoff? is conducted. The speed and position of active mobile user are monitored to calculate the remaining time left connection with the particular current cell. If the remaining time falls below threshold is known as channel reservation interval ( CRI). After confirming the the intention of transfer of the call to the new cell, target cell receives the request for the channel reservation. if there is any ideal channel in the target cell then it is reserved and it is known as locked which means temporarily it cont be used by any other. If in the target cell does not contain any free channels then the reservation request will be in a queue. After? channel is emptied? in the target cell, the request queue searches? to find any requests which are to be processed. The? request? leaves the queue by assigning it to the free channel.

A released channel remains to be free until next channel requests for it when an queue is empty. After sending the reservation request the mobile user can end this current call connection. In this situation the target cell receives reservation cancellation request from the user. After receiving a cancellation request the locked channel will be released by the the target cell after processing corresponding reservation request. We assume CRI to be accurate enough that call completion is the single account for a mobile user not to show up at ending of the CRI. If channel has been reserved to take it over or blocked for mobile user, then the target cell handoff will be successful. Whereas in the previous cases the mobile user continues its call on the new channel until leaving or call completion while in the later on into termination [8], since new call is not prioritized, if a free channel exists then new user will be accepted or else it is blocked and cleared from the system. The following figure describes the working process of reservation admission in the flowchart.

Markov Approach

????????? A markov model is implemented for analysis of the some of active channels and the number of reservation requests which are to be processed. Consider ?for each cell C? number of channels are allocated ?and buffer size limit for requesting queue is S. The transition rates of the neighbouring channels are obtained as follows. Before channel reduction new calls and handoff calls are entertained, consider the gross arrival rate as the transition rate.? When a handoff call reserves one channel for later use, immediately new call takes one channel for the later use. Whenever all channels have been occupied new call is rejected and reservation request is queued upto maximum length of S, which in result get a transition rate equal to the arrival rate of the channel reservation requests only.

Reservation of a channel extends the channel holding time from channel utilization interval(CUI) to channel occupation interval (COI). COI is also assumed that it is exponentially distributed, the mean value of which is obtained by[8]

The expected value of the inactive period of a reserved channel before the? utilization of channel is known as the dormant period, dormant period is stated dependent that longer dormancy can be expected and written as

[8]

The average dormant time on state n is given as

[8]

Let Fx(t) is considered as the cpd (Cumulative probability distribution ) of the time interval before the ( X + 1)th channel release. The Fx(t) can be written as

Fx(t) [8]

We? canapproximate the sojurn of a request in the queue, which has? to be exponentially distributed to give out a time independent request. The? living rate that has the value equal to 1/Tcri. The state probabilities are given by

2.2 EVALUVATION:

• Traffic model supports assures mobility properties and certain geometry in real-world cell plan.
• Where as manhattan model considers a classic city scenario which is regarded as by the? association of buildings, big structures with streets.
• In the manhattan model the connection distracts, when a mobile user roams in the streets, a street corner and suffers a sharp signal strength path loss.
• Handoff protection with prudent channel usage decreases the user accommodation capacity.
• In the markov approach, accommodation capacity is evaluvated by using the single over the entire system.

2.3 OUTLOOK:

In this paper, we have discussed the impact of? on capacity of the cellular mobile systems by the channel reservation. A user should receive un disrupted service through out the life time? after admission which is known as capacity. By using the handoff protection, capability of new user admission increases to that of connection continuity. user accommodation capacity is weakened by handoff protection. Which indicates system capacity and service quality are conflicting objectives. So tradeoff is cont be eliminated. Our further research to be carried out on channel reservation with out degrading the system capacity

[1] S.Jordan and A.Khan, ?A Performance bound on dynamic channel allocation in cellular systems: equal load?.

[2] D.Everitt and N. MacFayden, ?analysis of multicellular mobile radio telephone systems with loss.?

[3] K. Yeung and T.S. Yum, ?Compact pattern based dynamic channel assignment for cellular mobile systems.?

[4] ?channel carrying: A novel handoff scheme for mobile cellular networks.?

[5] S. H. Oh and D. W. Tcha, ?prioritized channel assignment in a cellular radio network.?

[6] F. A. Cruz-Perez, D. Lara-Rodriguez and M. Lara ? fractional channel reservation in mobile communication systems.?

[7] Y. C. Kim, D. E. Lee, B. J. Lee, Y. S. Kim, and B. Mukherjee, ?Dynamic channel reservation based on mobility in wireless ATM networks.?

[8] Yi Xu, Quan Long Ding, Chi Chung Ko, ?impact of handoff protection strategies on cellular mobile system capacity.?

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Tags: cellular mobile system, free essay

Category: Free Essays, Information Technology

Source: http://writepass.co.uk/journal/2012/12/cellular-mobile-system-capacity-influenced-by-handoff-protection-strategies/

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Hawaiian Islands are dissolving from within, study says

Dec. 21, 2012 ? Most of us think of soil erosion as the primary force that levels mountains, however geologists have found that Oahu's mountains are dissolving from within due to groundwater.

Someday, Oahu's Koolau and Waianae mountains will be reduced to nothing more than a flat, low-lying island like Midway.

But erosion isn't the biggest culprit. Instead, scientists say, the mountains of Oahu are actually dissolving from within.

"We tried to figure out how fast the island is going away and what the influence of climate is on that rate," said Brigham Young University geologist Steve Nelson. "More material is dissolving from those islands than what is being carried off through erosion."

The research pitted groundwater against stream water to see which removed more mineral material. Nelson and his BYU colleagues spent two months sampling both types of sources. In addition, ground and surface water estimates from the U.S. Geological Survey helped them calculate the total quantity of mass that disappeared from the island each year.

"All of the Hawaiian Islands are made of just one kind of rock," Nelson said. "The weathering rates are variable, too, because rainfall is so variable, so it's a great natural laboratory."

Forecasting the island's future also needs to account for plate tectonics. As Oahu is pushed northwest, the island actually rises in elevation at a slow but steady rate. You've heard of mountain climbing; this is a mountain that climbs.

According to the researchers' estimates, the net effect is that Oahu will continue to grow for as long as 1.5 million years. Beyond that, the force of groundwater will eventually triumph and the island will begin its descent to a low-lying topography.

Undergraduate student Brian Selck co-authored the study, which appears in the journal Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. Unfortunately for him, he joined the project only after the field work in Hawaii took place.

Instead, Selck performed the mineralogical analysis of soil samples in the lab back in Provo. The island's volcanic soil contained at least one surprise in weathered rock called saprolites.

"The main thing that surprised me on the way was the appearance of a large amount of quartz in a saprolite taken from a 1-meter depth," Selck said.

After he graduates from BYU, Selck will pursue a career in hydrogeology. BYU geology professor David Tingey joins Nelson and Selck as a co-author on the new study.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Brigham Young University.

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Journal Reference:

1. Stephen T. Nelson, David G. Tingey, Brian Selck. The denudation of ocean islands by ground and surface waters: The effects of climate, soil thickness, and water contact times on Oahu, Hawaii. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2013; 103: 276 DOI: 10.1016/j.gca.2012.09.046

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Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/top_environment/~3/iIgbOTg7c0U/121221114044.htm

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US crime author has dark take on Finnish society

In this photo taken Thursday, Dec. 6, 2012, American author James Thompson drinks coffee in Helsinki's 'Hilarious Pike' bar, a location central to the action in his Inspector Kari Vaari series of novels. Thompson's style is on the dark end of the ?Nordic Noir? spectrum. The genre _ with its stark and often violent police procedurals _ has proved wildly successful for publishers and filmmakers alike. (AP Photo/David Mac Dougall)

In this photo taken Thursday, Dec. 6, 2012, American author James Thompson drinks coffee in Helsinki's 'Hilarious Pike' bar, a location central to the action in his Inspector Kari Vaari series of novels. Thompson's style is on the dark end of the ?Nordic Noir? spectrum. The genre _ with its stark and often violent police procedurals _ has proved wildly successful for publishers and filmmakers alike. (AP Photo/David Mac Dougall)

HELSINKI (AP) ? In the doorway of a Helsinki bar on a snowy December afternoon, American author James Thompson is being offered a pair of Russian army night vision goggles that may ? or may not ? have fallen off the back of a truck.

The author, a Kentucky native who's lived in Finland for the past 15 years, has recently signed a new deal with publisher Putnam that puts his Inspector Kari Vaara series in U.S. bookstores through 2015.

Thompson buys the goggles and the vendor shuffles off into the snow. It's the sort of deal in the sort of neighborhood that Vaara would approve of, and it's somewhat apropos that the Hilarious Pike bar is a regular haunt of both the writer and the fictional cop.

Thompson's style is on the dark end of the "Nordic Noir" spectrum. The genre ? with its stark and often violent police procedurals ? has proved wildly successful for publishers and filmmakers alike.

The marquee names have come from Sweden ? think Stieg Larsson's "Girl With The Dragon Tattoo," or Henning Mankell's "Wallander" series ? but Norway's Jo Nesbo and Iceland's Arnaldur Indridason and Yrsa Sigurdardottir have also made their mark with international readers.

Thompson stands out from that crowd by writing in English and telling Vaara's gritty narrative in the first person.

"My entire vision of writing books set in Finland was to demonstrate what the world is like moment to moment in the mind of an average Finnish man," Thompson says over cups of coffee. "The best way to do that was to narrow that lens of his thoughts."

The three books published so far ? "Snow Angels," ''Lucifer's Tears," and "Helsinki White" ? chart Vaara's journey from small-town Lapland sheriff to big-city Helsinki detective, black-ops thug and finally master criminal.

Along the way Vaara acquires sidekicks that include a fetishist policeman and an attempted double murderer and his team manages to fit in a brisk trade in blackmail, illegal guns and drug deals while solving crimes.

Thompson's secondary characters are certainly larger than life, though it's hard to imagine the plethora of brazenly corrupt government ministers, sex perverts and drug cabals inhabiting a country like Finland, which is regularly ranked at the top of clean government indices.

Yet Finland itself shares the character spotlight throughout the series. Its quirky off-beat foibles mean Vaara can't be transplanted to another location without sacrificing Finnish concepts, landscapes and people.

"All I'm doing is writing traditional Finnish stories," says Thompson, 48. "This is the land of sad songs and what I write is simply repeating the themes that have dominated Finnish literature and music forever."

Married to a Finnish woman, Thompson moved to the Nordic country after serving in the U.S. military and working in construction. He held jobs as a bouncer and bartender before studying for a master's degree at Helsinki University and becoming a writer.

Finns may find his themes familiar, but as a foreigner, Thompson can also broach subjects that are uncomfortable or mildly taboo in Finnish society: Immigration, Nazi collaboration during World War II, race relations or right-wing politics.

"I discuss things that other people don't discuss or don't see," he says.

That has brought him some online flak from Finland's political right. It probably doesn't help that some of his most despicable villains seem to be thinly veiled caricatures of well-known politicians or businessmen.

Jukka Petaja, a novelist and literary critic at the Helsingin Sanomat newspaper, said many Finns don't agree with the image of Finland that Thompson portrays.

"But it doesn't prevent readers from enjoying books by him," Petaja said. "Having some distance from Finland, Jim Thompson can also see some phenomenon even clearer than many Finns."

Thompson insists he doesn't write "to send political or social messages" but like Finland's national poet Johan Runeberg, his books are filled with characters and plots that do just that.

Even Thompson's leading man Vaara, whose name can be translated as "Stone Danger," seems to be a nod to Runeberg's 19th-century protagonists who had heroic yet simple surnames that supposedly reflected their honesty and valor.

Thompson's characters side with the common man. The crimes of everyman characters are dismissed with a sentence or two of forgiving prose: alcoholism leading to child abuse, casual spousal violence, multiple fatal stabbings. The crimes of the rich, the powerful and the politically connected, however, are treated more seriously, and Vaara's disdain for Finland's elite is often barely disguised.

The pub's heavily tattooed barman dutifully refills Thompson's coffee, but there's also a bottle of vodka in the freezer with the author's name on it. Not surprisingly, Vaara likes to chase his beers with a shot of vodka too.

"There's a part of the author in every character," Thompson says.

___

Follow David Mac Dougall on Twitter at http://www.twitter.com/davidmacdougall

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/cae69a7523db45408eeb2b3a98c0c9c5/Article_2012-12-21-Finland-Nordic%20Noir/id-3bc45327ffcc424aa3403e31c4379eab

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